Overview of the working principle of CNC machines

To understand the working principle of a CNC machine, you need to understand the structure of the machine. To understand thoroughly, it is relatively time consuming, so you have to break it down to grasp, first is the overall structure of the CNC machine, which big parts it consists of, and how they are linked.
The CNC machine will include the following main components:

• Control parts
• Motors for each shaft
• Computer table
• Knife, knife head
• Cooling system
• Hydraulic system if it is an old machine.

The basic structure of a CNC machine as below, here is a 3-axis CNC milling machine.

And the detailed structure of the CNC machine will be relatively many. Consists of components such as:

• Machine frame, protective shielding system
• System table, chuck, mounting bracket.
• Knife system, automatic tool change
• Knife head, all kinds of knives
• Air or water cooling system, gas clamp.
• Control system, connected to the computer.

See detailed configuration information below.

Types of CNC machines on the market

Based on the machines with the same control system, CNC machines are divided into the following categories:

Sort by machine type

If classified by machine type, it is divided into:

• CNC Drilling Machine,
• CNC Milling Machine,
• CNC machine…

Segmentation by control system

• Point control system:

Including drilling machines, welding machines, strong machines, hammering machines and other machines for machining on a certain point. It is the point as in the mathematical concept.

• Linear controllers:

These are machines that process products in a straight line. This type of machine you will cut arbitrarily according to the straight line outlined in advance.

• Line control machine:

This type of machine can process according to pre-specified lines. It includes 2D, 3D machines, 4D control, 5D…

Working principle of CNC plasma cutting machine

Dynamic CNC cutting machines are based on a pre-programmed program and are controlled by computer software. Therefore, it has almost absolute accuracy. When operating, its main axis will move gradually in the Z direction from the top down. The X and Y axes of the product will be kept on the table, and at the same time, the cutting edge will cut from top to bottom to the surface of the product.

For you to have a more objective view of this principle, we would like to describe each step in detail as follows:

Step 1:

After starting the machine, the power source will receive a dynamic signal and activate the voltage causing the gas to be transported to the cutting head. Thereby, the stream when running through the nozzle to move out. At this time arc and current have not been formed.

Step 2:

After stabilizing the current, the arc circuit starts working at a high frequency that can cause sparks, causing the gas flow inside the breaker to receive a large amount of energy to ionize and become conductive. electricity. The ionic gas streams formed during this process become the electrical conduit between the electrode and the nozzle forming the plasma arc. Thereby the arc is ejected and forms a priming arc.

Working principle of CNC machine

Step 3:

When the nozzle is moved to the cutting surface, the newly formed primer arc strikes the material. The power supply recognizes the current flowing through the material and then the arc starter will stop working and the ionized gas flow continues to be maintained by the energy of the DC current.

Step 4:

High temperature plasma arc will melt metal material. By high-altitude molten air currents, the molten material is blown down the cutting line. At this point, the cutting head begins to move and perform the surface cut according to the initial orientation.

Step 5:

In the controller of the cnc plasma cutting machine, there is a touch controller and when starting this controller, the cnc cutter will move in the correct orientation that has been programmed to ensure that the product is cut according to the drawing.